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Language analysis for the determination of origin
Language analysis for the determination of origin (LADO) is an instrument used in asylum cases to determine the national or ethnic origin of the asylum seeker, through an evaluation of their language profile. To this end, an interview with the asylum seeker is recorded and analysed. The analysis consists of an examination of the dialectologically relevant features (e.g. accent, grammar, vocabulary and loanwords) in the speech of the asylum seeker. LADO is considered a type of speaker identification by forensic linguists.〔Peter M. Tiersma & Lawrence M. Solan (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language and Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 531.〕 LADO analyses are usually made at the request of government immigration/asylum bureaux attempting to verify asylum claims, but may also be performed as part of the appeals process for claims which have been denied; they have frequently been the subject of appeals and litigation in several countries, e.g. Australia, the Netherlands and the UK.
==Background==
A number of established linguistic approaches are considered to be valid methods of conducting LADO, including language variation and change,〔Patrick, Peter L. (2010). 'Language variation and LADO (Language Analysis for Determination of Origin).' In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The role of language in European asylum procedures: A linguistic and legal survey, pp73-87. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.〕〔JK Chambers, Peter Trudgill and Natalie Schilling-Estes, eds. (2002). The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell.〕 forensic phonetics,〔Moosmüller, Sylvia. (2010). 'IAFPA position on language analysis in asylum procedures.' In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The Role of Language in European Asylum Procedures: A Linguistic and Legal Survey, pp. 43-47. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.〕 dialectology, and language assessment.〔McNamara, Tim & Carsten Roever. (2006). Language testing: The social dimension. Oxford: Blackwell.〕
The underlying assumption leading to government immigration and asylum bureaus use of LADO is that a link exists between a person's nationality and the way they speak. To linguists, this assumption is flawed: instead, research supports links between the family and community in which a person learns their native language, and enduring features of their way of speaking it. The notion that linguistic socialization into a speech community lies at the heart of LADO has been argued for by linguists since 2004,〔Language and National Origin Group. (2004). 'Guidelines for the Use of Language Analysis in relation to Questions of National Origin in Refugee Cases'. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 11(2): 261-266.〕 and is now accepted by a range of government agencies (e.g. Switzerland,〔Baltisberger, Eric & Priska Hubbuch. (2010). 'LADO with specialized linguists: The development of Lingua’s working method.' In K Zwaan, P Muysken & M Verrips, eds., Language and Origin. The Role of Language in European Asylum Procedures: A Linguistic and Legal Survey, pp9-19. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.〕 Norway〔UDI 2009. ‘Specified requirements for language analysis for the Norwegian Immigration Administration.’ Oslo: Utlendingsdirektoratet, July 2009〕), academic researchers (e.g. Eades 2009,〔Eades, Diana. (2009). ‘Testing the claims of asylum seekers: The role of language analysis.’ Language Assessment Quarterly 6: 30-40.〕 Fraser 2011,〔Fraser, Helen. 2011. 'Language analysis for the determination of origin (LADO).' In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Wiley-Blackwell.〕 Maryns 2006,〔Maryns, Katrijn. 2006. The asylum speaker: Language in the Belgian asylum procedure. Manchester: St. Jerome.〕 and Patrick 2013〔Patrick, Peter L. (2013.) 'Asylum and language analysis.' In Susan K Brown & Frank D Bean (eds.), Encyclopedia of Migration. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. http://www.springerreference.com/docs/edit/chapterdbid/349348.html〕), as well as some commercial agencies (e.g. De Taalstudio, according to Verrips 2010〔Verrips, Maaike. (2010). 'Language analysis and contra-expertise in the Dutch asylum procedure.' International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law 17(2): 279-294.〕).
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